Which theory suggests that learning and transfer of training are enhanced when linked to outcomes?

Expectancy theory posits that individuals are motivated to engage in a behavior based on the anticipated outcomes of that behavior. In the context of learning and transfer of training, this theory suggests that when learners understand that their efforts will lead to specific results—such as improved job performance or rewards—they are more likely to be engaged and effectively apply what they have learned. This concept emphasizes the importance of setting clear expectations and linking training outcomes to real-world applications, which can significantly enhance the retention of information and skills learned.

In contrast, while behaviorist theory emphasizes reinforcement and motivation through rewards and punishments, it does not specifically address the outcomes as central to learning transfer. Cognitive theory focuses more on mental processes involved in learning rather than explicit links to outcomes. Experiential theory stresses learning through experience, which can also contribute to understanding but lacks the specific focus on motivational outcomes inherent in expectancy theory.