Instrumentality theory refers to the belief that performing a behavior is associated with what?

Instrumentality theory posits that individuals engage in certain behaviors based on their expectations of the outcomes associated with those behaviors. The core concept is that people believe their efforts will lead to specific outcomes. In this context, when someone performs a behavior, they are motivated by the anticipated result that they expect to achieve as a consequence of that behavior.

Choosing "a particular outcome" as the correct answer aligns with this principle, as it highlights the connection between the action taken and the result that is sought. For instance, a learner may be motivated to complete a training module if they believe it will lead to a promotion or a raise, clearly illustrating how their actions are driven by the expected reward.

The other options, while related to aspects of learning and performance, do not directly encapsulate the essence of instrumentality theory, which focuses specifically on the link between behavior and outcome realization.